++++++++++++++++++++++ 2009年5月16日补+ ++++++++++++++++++++++
2009-03-06
2009-03-03
二月的倒数第二天和二月的倒数第一天
去 Parc de Sceaux,有一点儿冷,没什么人。-->>

“Images et Magies d'architectures”的露天展。
二十世纪初的祈年殿,泛黄的片子,立在那儿,像个装置。-->>
New York Central Station.
以前看到过的一种说法:火车站是工业时代的大教堂(Cathedrals in the age of industry),精辟呀。-->>
----------------------------------------------二月的倒数第一天-->>
去Cinémathèque看“Georges Méliès, magicien du cinéma”。老年破产的Méliès在蒙帕纳斯车站(Gare de Montparnasse)的一爿小店里卖玩具和糖果。唏嘘。-->>
2009-02-26
在巴黎. / Dans Paris.
2008-09-17
{Complete Silence} & {3 texts}
"Once there was a girl and she loved a man. They had a date next to the eighth street station of the sixth avenue subway. She had put on her good clothes and a new hat. Somehow he could not come. So the purpose of this picture is to show how beautiful she was. I really mean that she was beautiful."

2...
"时间象沙子那样流去。在黑暗里,多少世纪的古老的爱情在奔流;我第一次也是最后一次占有了乌尔里克的形象。"/"Le temps s'écoulait comme du sable. Séculaire, dans l'ombre, l'amour déferla et je possédai pour la première et pour la dernière fois l'image d'Ulrica."
3...
"今天下午,阳光明媚。我看到一个在等有轨电车的女人,还有她的身体。"
(来源:《艺术世界》2008年 第二期)
2008-09-15
关于人的“珍贵性”(从慕容嫣谈起)
去看了新版的《东邪西毒》,王家卫一如继往地把煽情进行到底。这次看的是粤语版,听个大概,只能看法文的字幕,旁白的文字美感大打折扣,更觉得有的部分音乐矫情得令人乍舌。对话中只有林青霞的慕容嫣用的是普通话,所以格外注意。有一句话让心里一动,是慕容嫣的那句经典对白:如果有一天我忍不住问起,你一定要骗我,就算你的心有多么不愿意,也不要告诉我,你最喜欢的人不是我。深爱到绝望的时候,人可以变得那般卑微渺小,一厢情愿。回来的路上,一个人坐在地铁里又想起这句话,因为最近的一些事情,对此话中的无奈不甘与疼痛,格外能感同身受。
郝舍尔(Abraham J. Heschel)在《人是谁》(《Who is man》)中关于人的“珍贵性”和“重要性”(“notability”)的那一段论述中提出:“从内部看,我的重要性是显而易见的,然而从外部看,我的重要性即使不是荒唐的,也是含糊不清的。……在世俗的眼里,我是一个普通人,但在我内心,我不是一个普通人。……我面临的挑战是如何使我的存在的隐蔽的重要性得以实现,得以具体化。在苦恼和焦虑的背后,是自我反思的重要因素——我自身的珍贵性。”
最近手边正在翻看昆德拉(Milan Kundera)的《不朽》(《L'immortalité》)。开头有一段,写的是Agnès在桑拿室里碰到一个在众人面前大声发表自己看法的陌生女孩。Agnès认为这个女孩的“自我”(“moi”, 即佛洛伊德人格结构中的“自我”)在他人的领域里发出噪音:她不顾一切地想被看到被听到被注意到。
如果是用郝舍尔的理论来分析,书中的女孩是在努力展示自我的独特与重要性。人的内外之二重不和谐性,迫使他尽可能地以内在自我之宝贵消解外在自我之平庸,从而在某种程度上达到一种同一性。这种努力在潜意识中成为人的很多外在行为的原动力。无论是对财富地位还是名望的追求,本质动机都是希望在世俗公认的标准下,把自我之独特宝贵展示出来,继而在社会的普遍认同感里,找到自以为的内外和谐。
回到慕容嫣的那句台词,从某种意义上,她想要抓住的,即是在所爱之人眼中的唯一珍贵性。在我们今天的社会上,没有哪一种关系能够像爱情关系这样把人的珍贵性展示出来:血缘关系是天生的,朋友关系是多对多的,而其他社会关系在情感上不够深厚,只有爱情是深刻强烈并且排他的。在这种一对一的由彼此认可而建立的关系里,对方和自己的珍贵性得以最充分的体现。从某种意义上说,人对内在自我的珍视与爱惜,使得他会对爱情与爱人(爱人对他的看法)格外重视。才会在爱情中拼得头破血流,委屈求全地希望自己最珍视的人也同样承认自己的珍贵性。
2008-08-13
关于MLGB的一切[*]
2008-08-04
碎片
--《陶一的多幕独角戏》2004年夏秋之交
2008-08-03
死亡后记 ——西川谈海子的死
或许臆想和误会悉属正常。一个人选择死亡也便选择了别人对其死亡文本的误读。个人命运在一个人死后依然作用于他,这是一个值得我们深思的问题。在海子 自杀这件事上,我们不可避免地面对两种反应:一种是赞佩,一种是愤怒。有时我们会听到这样一种高声断喝:“海子是个法西斯!”“海子是自我膨胀的典型!” 有一种观点把海子变成了武侠小说中的人物,认为海子是那类练黑道武功的杀手,虽然武艺高强,但到底不是正宗,因此自身积郁了太多的毒素。海子最终是为自身 的毒素所害。大体说来,海子自杀激怒了两类人:一类是那些怀有高尚然而脆弱的道德理想的读者;另一类便是自身尚在谋取功名的诗人。我在美国出版的《一行》 诗刊上读到过这样一句莫名其妙的叹语:“怎么让这小子玩了头一把?”
不过,尽管人们对海子的评价五花八门,但有一点是肯定的:海子的死带给了人们巨大和持久的震撼。在这样一个缺乏精神和价值尺度的时代,有一个诗人自杀 了,他逼使大家重新审视,认识诗歌与生命。但是,理论界似乎对此准备不足,因此反应得有些措手不及,这一点从有人将海子与屈原、王国维、朱湘,甚至希尔维 亚?普拉斯扯在一起就能看出。这种草率的归类表明,人们似乎找不到现成的、恰当的语言来谈论海子,人们似乎不知道怎样给海子定位。于是便有了一些想当然的 见解。四川诗人钟鸣在其文章《中间地带》里,把海子说成是一个奔走于小城昌平和首都北京之间的人,认为海子在两个地方都找不到自己的家,因此便只好让自己 在精神上处于一种中间地带。上海评论家朱大可在其《宗教诗人:海子与骆一禾》一文中,赋予海子的死以崇高的仪典意义;于是海子便成了一个英雄,成了20世 纪末中国诗坛为精神而献身的象征。朱文认为海子选择在山海关自杀也有其特殊的用意,因为山海关是长城的起点,是“巨大的种族之门”,与历史上最大的皇权专 制有关。我想,海子若真做此想,那么他定然脱不了演戏的干系,他的自杀也便成了自我献祭。而事实上,海子并没有选择山海关,而是选择了山海关至龙家营之间 的一段火车慢行道。那是一个适于自杀的地点,海子之前,曾有三个人在那里自杀。
海子去世以后,理论界大多是从形而上的角度来对海子加以判断。我不否认海子自杀有其形而上的原因,更不否认海子之死对于我们这个时代的精神意义,但若 我们仅把海子框定在一种形而上的光环之内,则我们便也不能洞见海子其人其诗,长此以往,海子便也真会成为一个幻像。在诗人自杀这个问题上,还是加缪有着一 种更加实在,也是更加站得住脚的看法。他在《西西弗的神话》一书中指出:“人们极少(但不能排除)因为反思而自杀。”的确,每一个人的自杀都有他的导火 索,海子也不例外。
以下是我所知和我所猜测的海子自杀的原因:
①自杀情结
海子对自己自杀的看法或许与那些批评家的看法有较大不同。谁知道呢?也许那些批评家是正确的,而海子自己反倒说不清自己为什么而死。但我想我们至少应 该了解海子的形而上学,那就是:“道家暴力”。我一直不太明白“道家暴力”到底是什么意思。道者,天道,太初有道之道,道可道非常道之道,可这与暴力有什 么关系呢?海子把道形象化为一柄悬挂于头顶的利斧,可道为什么只能是利斧而不能是别的呢?1987年以后,海子放弃了其诗歌中母性、水质的爱,而转向一种 父性、烈火般的复仇。他特别赞赏鲁迅对待社会、世人“一个也不原谅”的态度。他的复仇之斧、道之斧挥舞起来,真像天上那严厉的“老爷子”。但海子毕竟是海 子,他没有把这利斧挥向别人,而是挥向了自己,也就是说他首先向自己复仇。他蔑视那“自我原谅”的抒情诗。他死于道。
海子性格的形成,应该既有其先天因素,也有其后天因素。所谓后天因素,自然指的是其农业背景。海子是农业的儿子,他迷恋泥土,对于伴随着时代发展而消 亡的某些东西,他自然伤感于心。1989年初,海子回了趟安徽。这趟故乡之行给他带来了巨大的荒凉之感。“有些你熟悉的东西再也找不到了,”他说。“你在 家乡完全变成了个陌生人!”至于先天因素,我指的是他的星座。海子生于1964年4月2日,属白羊星座。如果我们不仅仅是出于迷信的兴趣来看待他的星座的 话,我们至少可以在这里发现某些有趣的东西。海子一生热爱梵?高,称梵?高为“瘦哥哥”,而梵?高恰恰也是白羊星座生人,这其中难道没有什么神秘的联系 吗?是否生于这个星座的人都有一种铤而走险的倾向?早在1984年,海子就写过一首献给梵?高的诗,名为《阿尔的太阳》。诗中写道:瘦哥哥梵高,梵高啊/ 从地下强劲喷出的/火山一样不计后果的/是丝杉和麦田/还有你自己/喷出多余的活命时间这首诗写的是梵高,难道我们不可以把它看作是海子的某种自况吗?“ 不计后果”这个词,用在海子身上多么贴切!
③生活方式
1988年底,一禾和我先后结了婚,但海子坚持不结婚,而且劝我们也别结婚。他在昌平曾经有一位女友,就因为他拒绝与人家结婚,人家才离开了他。我们 可以想像海子在昌平的生活是相当寂寞的;有时他大概是太寂寞了,希望与别人交流。有一次他走进昌平一家饭馆。他对饭馆老板说:“我给大家朗诵我的诗,你们 能不能给我酒喝?”饭馆老板可没有那种尼采式的浪漫,他说:“我可以给你酒喝,但你别在这儿朗诵。”我想是简单、枯燥的生活害了海子;他的生活缺少交流, 即使在家里也是如此。他同家人的关系很好,同大弟弟查曙明保持着通信联系。但他的家人不可能理解他的思想和写作。据说在家里,他的农民父亲甚至有点儿不敢 跟他说话,因为他是一位大学老师。海子死前给家里买了一台黑白电视机。有一段时间,海子自己大概也觉得在昌平的生活难以忍受。他想在市里找一份工作,这样 就可以住得离朋友们近一些。但是要想在北京找一份正式的、稳定的工作谈何容易。海子的死使我对人的生活方式颇多感想,或许任何一个人都需要被一张网罩住, 而这张网就是社会关系之网。一般说来,这张网会剥夺我们生活的纯洁性,使我们疲于奔跑,心绪难定,使我们觉得生命徒耗在聊天、办事上,真如行尸走肉。但另 一方面,这张网恐怕也是我们生存的保障,我们不能否认它也有可靠的一面。无论是血缘关系,还是婚姻关系,还是社会关系,都会像一只只手紧紧抓住你的肩膀; 你即使想离开也不太容易,因为这些手会把你牢牢按住。但海子自杀时显然没有按住他肩膀的有力的手。
⑤气功问题
⑥自杀导火索
我们在前面已经谈到,海子迷信“短命天才”,这势必影响到海子的写作方式。他可以一晚上写出几百行诗,而坐下来的头两个小时所写的可以几乎是废品。这 与叶芝那一天只写六行诗或菲利普?拉金那一两年才写一首诗的工作方式多么不同。海子的写作就是对于青春激情的燃烧,他让我们想到一个来自德国文学的词:狂 飚突进。然而,海子梦想中最终要成就的却不是“狂飚突进”的诗歌,他所真正景仰的大诗人是歌德。于是这里便有了一个矛盾。歌德的《浮士德》从从容容地写了 60年,并非一蹴而就,而海子却想以激情写作的方式来完成他的大诗《太阳》。他从浪漫主义的立场上向古典主义的歌德踊身而跃,结果是出人意料的,他落到了 介乎浪漫主义与古典主义之间的荷尔德林身上。海子所写的最后一篇诗学章就是《我所热爱的诗人--荷尔德林》。荷尔德林最终发了疯,而海子则以自杀结束了自 己的生命;不知道这里面有没有一种命运的暗合?这不能不说是海子写作本身的一个悲剧:在他的写作方式和写作目标之间横亘着一道几乎不可跨越的鸿沟。当我们 读到他那么多匆匆忙忙写下的未完成的长诗章节时,我们由衷地感到惋惜。以他的才份,而不是以他的工作方式,海子本可以写出更多、更好、更完整的作品来。
海子的一生,按照他自己的话说,“就是要成为太阳的一生”。他肯定受到崇拜太阳的古埃及人、波斯人、阿兹特克人的鼓舞,并且也受到了
Notes On "Camp" by Susan Sontag
Published in 1964; reprinted in Against Interpretation, 1966.
A sensibility (as distinct from an idea) is one of the hardest things to talk about; but there are special reasons why Camp, in particular, has never been discussed. It is not a natural mode of sensibility, if there be any such. Indeed the essence of Camp is its love of the unnatural: of artifice and exaggeration. And Camp is esoteric -- something of a private code, a badge of identity even, among small urban cliques. Apart from a lazy two-page sketch in Christopher Isherwood's novel The World in the Evening (1954), it has hardly broken into print. To talk about Camp is therefore to betray it. If the betrayal can be defended, it will be for the edification it provides, or the dignity of the conflict it resolves. For myself, I plead the goal of self-edification, and the goad of a sharp conflict in my own sensibility. I am strongly drawn to Camp, and almost as strongly offended by it. That is why I want to talk about it, and why I can. For no one who wholeheartedly shares in a given sensibility can analyze it; he can only, whatever his intention, exhibit it. To name a sensibility, to draw its contours and to recount its history, requires a deep sympathy modified by revulsion.
Though I am speaking about sensibility only -- and about a sensibility that, among other things, converts the serious into the frivolous -- these are grave matters. Most people think of sensibility or taste as the realm of purely subjective preferences, those mysterious attractions, mainly sensual, that have not been brought under the sovereignty of reason. They allow that considerations of taste play a part in their reactions to people and to works of art. But this attitude is naïve. And even worse. To patronize the faculty of taste is to patronize oneself. For taste governs every free -- as opposed to rote -- human response. Nothing is more decisive. There is taste in people, visual taste, taste in emotion - and there is taste in acts, taste in morality. Intelligence, as well, is really a kind of taste: taste in ideas. (One of the facts to be reckoned with is that taste tends to develop very unevenly. It's rare that the same person has good visual taste and good taste in people and taste in ideas.)
Taste has no system and no proofs. But there is something like a logic of taste: the consistent sensibility which underlies and gives rise to a certain taste. A sensibility is almost, but not quite, ineffable. Any sensibility which can be crammed into the mold of a system, or handled with the rough tools of proof, is no longer a sensibility at all. It has hardened into an idea . . .
To snare a sensibility in words, especially one that is alive and powerful,1 one must be tentative and nimble. The form of jottings, rather than an essay (with its claim to a linear, consecutive argument), seemed more appropriate for getting down something of this particular fugitive sensibility. It's embarrassing to be solemn and treatise-like about Camp. One runs the risk of having, oneself, produced a very inferior piece of Camp.
These notes are for Oscar Wilde.
"One should either be a work of art, or wear a work of art."
- Phrases & Philosophies for the Use of the Young
1. To start very generally: Camp is a certain mode of aestheticism. It is one way of seeing the world as an aesthetic phenomenon. That way, the way of Camp, is not in terms of beauty, but in terms of the degree of artifice, of stylization.
2. To emphasize style is to slight content, or to introduce an attitude which is neutral with respect to content. It goes without saying that the Camp sensibility is disengaged, depoliticized -- or at least apolitical.
3. Not only is there a Camp vision, a Camp way of looking at things. Camp is as well a quality discoverable in objects and the behavior of persons. There are "campy" movies, clothes, furniture, popular songs, novels, people, buildings. . . . This distinction is important. True, the Camp eye has the power to transform experience. But not everything can be seen as Camp. It's not all in the eye of the beholder.
4. Random examples of items which are part of the canon of Camp:
Zuleika Dobson
Tiffany lamps
Scopitone films
The Brown Derby restaurant on Sunset Boulevard in LA
The Enquirer, headlines and stories
Aubrey Beardsley drawings
Swan Lake
Bellini's operas
Visconti's direction of Salome and 'Tis Pity She's a Whore
certain turn-of-the-century picture postcards
Schoedsack's King Kong
the Cuban pop singer La Lupe
Lynn Ward's novel in woodcuts, God's Man
the old Flash Gordon comics
women's clothes of the twenties (feather boas, fringed and beaded dresses, etc.)
the novels of Ronald Firbank and Ivy Compton-Burnett
stag movies seen without lust
5. Camp taste has an affinity for certain arts rather than others. Clothes, furniture, all the elements of visual décor, for instance, make up a large part of Camp. For Camp art is often decorative art, emphasizing texture, sensuous surface, and style at the expense of content. Concert music, though, because it is contentless, is rarely Camp. It offers no opportunity, say, for a contrast between silly or extravagant content and rich form. . . . Sometimes whole art forms become saturated with Camp. Classical ballet, opera, movies have seemed so for a long time. In the last two years, popular music (post rock-'n'-roll, what the French call yé yé) has been annexed. And movie criticism (like lists of "The 10 Best Bad Movies I Have Seen") is probably the greatest popularizer of Camp taste today, because most people still go to the movies in a high-spirited and unpretentious way.
6. There is a sense in which it is correct to say: "It's too good to be Camp." Or "too important," not marginal enough. (More on this later.) Thus, the personality and many of the works of Jean Cocteau are Camp, but not those of André Gide; the operas of Richard Strauss, but not those of Wagner; concoctions of Tin Pan Alley and Liverpool, but not jazz. Many examples of Camp are things which, from a "serious" point of view, are either bad art or kitsch. Not all, though. Not only is Camp not necessarily bad art, but some art which can be approached as Camp (example: the major films of Louis Feuillade) merits the most serious admiration and study.
"The more we study Art, the less we care for Nature."
- The Decay of Lying
7. All Camp objects, and persons, contain a large element of artifice. Nothing in nature can be campy . . . Rural Camp is still man-made, and most campy objects are urban. (Yet, they often have a serenity -- or a naiveté -- which is the equivalent of pastoral. A great deal of Camp suggests Empson's phrase, "urban pastoral.")
8. Camp is a vision of the world in terms of style -- but a particular kind of style. It is the love of the exaggerated, the "off," of things-being-what-they-are-
9. As a taste in persons, Camp responds particularly to the markedly attenuated and to the strongly exaggerated. The androgyne is certainly one of the great images of Camp sensibility. Examples: the swooning, slim, sinuous figures of pre-Raphaelite painting and poetry; the thin, flowing, sexless bodies in Art Nouveau prints and posters, presented in relief on lamps and ashtrays; the haunting androgynous vacancy behind the perfect beauty of Greta Garbo. Here, Camp taste draws on a mostly unacknowledged truth of taste: the most refined form of sexual attractiveness (as well as the most refined form of sexual pleasure) consists in going against the grain of one's sex. What is most beautiful in virile men is something feminine; what is most beautiful in feminine women is something masculine. . . . Allied to the Camp taste for the androgynous is something that seems quite different but isn't: a relish for the exaggeration of sexual characteristics and personality mannerisms. For obvious reasons, the best examples that can be cited are movie stars. The corny flamboyant female-ness of Jayne Mansfield, Gina Lollobrigida, Jane Russell, Virginia Mayo; the exaggerated he-man-ness of Steve Reeves, Victor Mature. The great stylists of temperament and mannerism, like Bette Davis, Barbara Stanwyck, Tallulah Bankhead, Edwige Feuillière.
10. Camp sees everything in quotation marks. It's not a lamp, but a "lamp"; not a woman, but a "woman." To perceive Camp in objects and persons is to understand Being-as-Playing-a-Role. It is the farthest extension, in sensibility, of the metaphor of life as theater.
11. Camp is the triumph of the epicene style. (The convertibility of "man" and "woman," "person" and "thing.") But all style, that is, artifice, is, ultimately, epicene. Life is not stylish. Neither is nature.
12. The question isn't, "Why travesty, impersonation, theatricality?" The question is, rather, "When does travesty, impersonation, theatricality acquire the special flavor of Camp?" Why is the atmosphere of Shakespeare's comedies (As You Like It, etc.) not epicene, while that of Der Rosenkavalier is?
13. The dividing line seems to fall in the 18th century; there the origins of Camp taste are to be found (Gothic novels, Chinoiserie, caricature, artificial ruins, and so forth.) But the relation to nature was quite different then. In the 18th century, people of taste either patronized nature (Strawberry Hill) or attempted to remake it into something artificial (Versailles). They also indefatigably patronized the past. Today's Camp taste effaces nature, or else contradicts it outright. And the relation of Camp taste to the past is extremely sentimental.
14. A pocket history of Camp might, of course, begin farther back -- with the mannerist artists like Pontormo, Rosso, and Caravaggio, or the extraordinarily theatrical painting of Georges de La Tour, or Euphuism (Lyly, etc.) in literature. Still, the soundest starting point seems to be the late 17th and early 18th century, because of that period's extraordinary feeling for artifice, for surface, for symmetry; its taste for the picturesque and the thrilling, its elegant conventions for representing instant feeling and the total presence of character -- the epigram and the rhymed couplet (in words), the flourish (in gesture and in music). The late 17th and early 18th century is the great period of Camp: Pope, Congreve, Walpole, etc, but not Swift; les précieux in France; the rococo churches of Munich; Pergolesi. Somewhat later: much of Mozart. But in the 19th century, what had been distributed throughout all of high culture now becomes a special taste; it takes on overtones of the acute, the esoteric, the perverse. Confining the story to England alone, we see Camp continuing wanly through 19th century aestheticism (Bume-Jones, Pater, Ruskin, Tennyson), emerging full-blown with the Art Nouveau movement in the visual and decorative arts, and finding its conscious ideologists in such "wits" as Wilde and Firbank.
15. Of course, to say all these things are Camp is not to argue they are simply that. A full analysis of Art Nouveau, for instance, would scarcely equate it with Camp. But such an analysis cannot ignore what in Art Nouveau allows it to be experienced as Camp. Art Nouveau is full of "content," even of a political-moral sort; it was a revolutionary movement in the arts, spurred on by a Utopian vision (somewhere between William Morris and the Bauhaus group) of an organic politics and taste. Yet there is also a feature of the Art Nouveau objects which suggests a disengaged, unserious, "aesthete's" vision. This tells us something important about Art Nouveau -- and about what the lens of Camp, which blocks out content, is.
16. Thus, the Camp sensibility is one that is alive to a double sense in which some things can be taken. But this is not the familiar split-level construction of a literal meaning, on the one hand, and a symbolic meaning, on the other. It is the difference, rather, between the thing as meaning something, anything, and the thing as pure artifice.
17. This comes out clearly in the vulgar use of the word Camp as a verb, "to camp," something that people do. To camp is a mode of seduction -- one which employs flamboyant mannerisms susceptible of a double interpretation; gestures full of duplicity, with a witty meaning for cognoscenti and another, more impersonal, for outsiders. Equally and by extension, when the word becomes a noun, when a person or a thing is "a camp," a duplicity is involved. Behind the "straight" public sense in which something can be taken, one has found a private zany experience of the thing.
"To be natural is such a very difficult pose to keep up."
- An Ideal Husband
18. One must distinguish between naïve and deliberate Camp. Pure Camp is always naive. Camp which knows itself to be Camp ("camping") is usually less satisfying.
19. The pure examples of Camp are unintentional; they are dead serious. The Art Nouveau craftsman who makes a lamp with a snake coiled around it is not kidding, nor is he trying to be charming. He is saying, in all earnestness: Voilà! the Orient! Genuine Camp -- for instance, the numbers devised for the Warner Brothers musicals of the early thirties (42nd Street; The Golddiggers of 1933; ... of 1935; ... of 1937; etc.) by Busby Berkeley -- does not mean to be funny. Camping -- say, the plays of Noel Coward -- does. It seems unlikely that much of the traditional opera repertoire could be such satisfying Camp if the melodramatic absurdities of most opera plots had not been taken seriously by their composers. One doesn't need to know the artist's private intentions. The work tells all. (Compare a typical 19th century opera with Samuel Barber's Vanessa, a piece of manufactured, calculated Camp, and the difference is clear.)
20. Probably, intending to be campy is always harmful. The perfection of Trouble in Paradise and The Maltese Falcon, among the greatest Camp movies ever made, comes from the effortless smooth way in which tone is maintained. This is not so with such famous would-be Camp films of the fifties as All About Eve and Beat the Devil. These more recent movies have their fine moments, but the first is so slick and the second so hysterical; they want so badly to be campy that they're continually losing the beat. . . . Perhaps, though, it is not so much a question of the unintended effect versus the conscious intention, as of the delicate relation between parody and self-parody in Camp. The films of Hitchcock are a showcase for this problem. When self-parody lacks ebullience but instead reveals (even sporadically) a contempt for one's themes and one's materials - as in To Catch a Thief, Rear Window, North by Northwest -- the results are forced and heavy-handed, rarely Camp. Successful Camp -- a movie like Carné's Drôle de Drame; the film performances of Mae West and Edward Everett Horton; portions of the Goon Show -- even when it reveals self-parody, reeks of self-love.
21. So, again, Camp rests on innocence. That means Camp discloses innocence, but also, when it can, corrupts it. Objects, being objects, don't change when they are singled out by the Camp vision. Persons, however, respond to their audiences. Persons begin "camping": Mae West, Bea Lillie, La Lupe, Tallulah Bankhead in Lifeboat, Bette Davis in All About Eve. (Persons can even be induced to camp without their knowing it. Consider the way Fellini got Anita Ekberg to parody herself in La Dolce Vita.)
22. Considered a little less strictly, Camp is either completely naive or else wholly conscious (when one plays at being campy). An example of the latter: Wilde's epigrams themselves.
"It's absurd to divide people into good and bad. People are either charming or tedious."
- Lady Windemere's Fan
23. In naïve, or pure, Camp, the essential element is seriousness, a seriousness that fails. Of course, not all seriousness that fails can be redeemed as Camp. Only that which has the proper mixture of the exaggerated, the fantastic, the passionate, and the naïve.
24. When something is just bad (rather than Camp), it's often because it is too mediocre in its ambition. The artist hasn't attempted to do anything really outlandish. ("It's too much," "It's too fantastic," "It's not to be believed," are standard phrases of Camp enthusiasm.)
25. The hallmark of Camp is the spirit of extravagance. Camp is a woman walking around in a dress made of three million feathers. Camp is the paintings of Carlo Crivelli, with their real jewels and trompe-l'oeil insects and cracks in the masonry. Camp is the outrageous aestheticism of Steinberg's six American movies with Dietrich, all six, but especially the last, The Devil Is a Woman. . . . In Camp there is often something démesuré in the quality of the ambition, not only in the style of the work itself. Gaudí's lurid and beautiful buildings in Barcelona are Camp not only because of their style but because they reveal -- most notably in the Cathedral of the Sagrada Familia -- the ambition on the part of one man to do what it takes a generation, a whole culture to accomplish.
26. Camp is art that proposes itself seriously, but cannot be taken altogether seriously because it is "too much." Titus Andronicus and Strange Interlude are almost Camp, or could be played as Camp. The public manner and rhetoric of de Gaulle, often, are pure Camp.
27. A work can come close to Camp, but not make it, because it succeeds. Eisenstein's films are seldom Camp because, despite all exaggeration, they do succeed (dramatically) without surplus. If they were a little more "off," they could be great Camp - particularly Ivan the Terrible I & II. The same for Blake's drawings and paintings, weird and mannered as they are. They aren't Camp; though Art Nouveau, influenced by Blake, is.
What is extravagant in an inconsistent or an unpassionate way is not Camp. Neither can anything be Camp that does not seem to spring from an irrepressible, a virtually uncontrolled sensibility. Without passion, one gets pseudo-Camp -- what is merely decorative, safe, in a word, chic. On the barren edge of Camp lie a number of attractive things: the sleek fantasies of Dali, the haute couture preciosity of Albicocco's The Girl with the Golden Eyes. But the two things - Camp and preciosity - must not be confused.
28. Again, Camp is the attempt to do something extraordinary. But extraordinary in the sense, often, of being special, glamorous. (The curved line, the extravagant gesture.) Not extraordinary merely in the sense of effort. Ripley's Believe-It-Or-Not items are rarely campy. These items, either natural oddities (the two-headed rooster, the eggplant in the shape of a cross) or else the products of immense labor (the man who walked from here to China on his hands, the woman who engraved the New Testament on the head of a pin), lack the visual reward - the glamour, the theatricality - that marks off certain extravagances as Camp.
29. The reason a movie like On the Beach, books like Winesburg, Ohio and For Whom the Bell Tolls are bad to the point of being laughable, but not bad to the point of being enjoyable, is that they are too dogged and pretentious. They lack fantasy. There is Camp in such bad movies as The Prodigal and Samson and Delilah, the series of Italian color spectacles featuring the super-hero Maciste, numerous Japanese science fiction films (Rodan, The Mysterians, The H-Man) because, in their relative unpretentiousness and vulgarity, they are more extreme and irresponsible in their fantasy - and therefore touching and quite enjoyable.
30. Of course, the canon of Camp can change. Time has a great deal to do with it. Time may enhance what seems simply dogged or lacking in fantasy now because we are too close to it, because it resembles too closely our own everyday fantasies, the fantastic nature of which we don't perceive. We are better able to enjoy a fantasy as fantasy when it is not our own.
31. This is why so many of the objects prized by Camp taste are old-fashioned, out-of-date, démodé. It's not a love of the old as such. It's simply that the process of aging or deterioration provides the necessary detachment -- or arouses a necessary sympathy. When the theme is important, and contemporary, the failure of a work of art may make us indignant. Time can change that. Time liberates the work of art from moral relevance, delivering it over to the Camp sensibility. . . . Another effect: time contracts the sphere of banality. (Banality is, strictly speaking, always a category of the contemporary.) What was banal can, with the passage of time, become fantastic. Many people who listen with delight to the style of Rudy Vallee revived by the English pop group, The Temperance Seven, would have been driven up the wall by Rudy Vallee in his heyday.
Thus, things are campy, not when they become old - but when we become less involved in them, and can enjoy, instead of be frustrated by, the failure of the attempt. But the effect of time is unpredictable. Maybe Method acting (James Dean, Rod Steiger, Warren Beatty) will seem as Camp some day as Ruby Keeler's does now - or as Sarah Bernhardt's does, in the films she made at the end of her career. And maybe not.
32. Camp is the glorification of "character." The statement is of no importance - except, of course, to the person (Loie Fuller, Gaudí, Cecil B. De Mille, Crivelli, de Gaulle, etc.) who makes it. What the Camp eye appreciates is the unity, the force of the person. In every move the aging Martha Graham makes she's being Martha Graham, etc., etc. . . . This is clear in the case of the great serious idol of Camp taste, Greta Garbo. Garbo's incompetence (at the least, lack of depth) as an actress enhances her beauty. She's always herself.
33. What Camp taste responds to is "instant character" (this is, of course, very 18th century); and, conversely, what it is not stirred by is the sense of the development of character. Character is understood as a state of continual incandescence - a person being one, very intense thing. This attitude toward character is a key element of the theatricalization of experience embodied in the Camp sensibility. And it helps account for the fact that opera and ballet are experienced as such rich treasures of Camp, for neither of these forms can easily do justice to the complexity of human nature. Wherever there is development of character, Camp is reduced. Among operas, for example, La Traviata (which has some small development of character) is less campy than Il Trovatore (which has none).
"Life is too important a thing ever to talk seriously about it."
- Vera, or The Nihilists
34. Camp taste turns its back on the good-bad axis of ordinary aesthetic judgment. Camp doesn't reverse things. It doesn't argue that the good is bad, or the bad is good. What it does is to offer for art (and life) a different -- a supplementary -- set of standards.
35. Ordinarily we value a work of art because of the seriousness and dignity of what it achieves. We value it because it succeeds - in being what it is and, presumably, in fulfilling the intention that lies behind it. We assume a proper, that is to say, straightforward relation between intention and performance. By such standards, we appraise The Iliad, Aristophanes' plays, The Art of the Fugue, Middlemarch, the paintings of Rembrandt, Chartres, the poetry of Donne, The Divine Comedy, Beethoven's quartets, and - among people - Socrates, Jesus, St. Francis, Napoleon, Savonarola. In short, the pantheon of high culture: truth, beauty, and seriousness.
36. But there are other creative sensibilities besides the seriousness (both tragic and comic) of high culture and of the high style of evaluating people. And one cheats oneself, as a human being, if one has respect only for the style of high culture, whatever else one may do or feel on the sly.
For instance, there is the kind of seriousness whose trademark is anguish, cruelty, derangement. Here we do accept a disparity between intention and result. I am speaking, obviously, of a style of personal existence as well as of a style in art; but the examples had best come from art. Think of Bosch, Sade, Rimbaud, Jarry, Kafka, Artaud, think of most of the important works of art of the 20th century, that is, art whose goal is not that of creating harmonies but of overstraining the medium and introducing more and more violent, and unresolvable, subject-matter. This sensibility also insists on the principle that an oeuvre in the old sense (again, in art, but also in life) is not possible. Only "fragments" are possible. . . . Clearly, different standards apply here than to traditional high culture. Something is good not because it is achieved, but because another kind of truth about the human situation, another experience of what it is to be human - in short, another valid sensibility -- is being revealed.
And third among the great creative sensibilities is Camp: the sensibility of failed seriousness, of the theatricalization of experience. Camp refuses both the harmonies of traditional seriousness, and the risks of fully identifying with extreme states of feeling.
37. The first sensibility, that of high culture, is basically moralistic. The second sensibility, that of extreme states of feeling, represented in much contemporary "avant-garde" art, gains power by a tension between moral and aesthetic passion. The third, Camp, is wholly aesthetic.
38. Camp is the consistently aesthetic experience of the world. It incarnates a victory of "style" over "content," "aesthetics" over "morality," of irony over tragedy.
39. Camp and tragedy are antitheses. There is seriousness in Camp (seriousness in the degree of the artist's involvement) and, often, pathos. The excruciating is also one of the tonalities of Camp; it is the quality of excruciation in much of Henry James (for instance, The Europeans, The Awkward Age, The Wings of the Dove) that is responsible for the large element of Camp in his writings. But there is never, never tragedy.
40. Style is everything. Genet's ideas, for instance, are very Camp. Genet's statement that "the only criterion of an act is its elegance"2 is virtually interchangeable, as a statement, with Wilde's "in matters of great importance, the vital element is not sincerity, but style." But what counts, finally, is the style in which ideas are held. The ideas about morality and politics in, say, Lady Windemere's Fan and in Major Barbara are Camp, but not just because of the nature of the ideas themselves. It is those ideas, held in a special playful way. The Camp ideas in Our Lady of the Flowers are maintained too grimly, and the writing itself is too successfully elevated and serious, for Genet's books to be Camp.
41. The whole point of Camp is to dethrone the serious. Camp is playful, anti-serious. More precisely, Camp involves a new, more complex relation to "the serious." One can be serious about the frivolous, frivolous about the serious.
42. One is drawn to Camp when one realizes that "sincerity" is not enough. Sincerity can be simple philistinism, intellectual narrowness.
43. The traditional means for going beyond straight seriousness - irony, satire - seem feeble today, inadequate to the culturally oversaturated medium in which contemporary sensibility is schooled. Camp introduces a new standard: artifice as an ideal, theatricality.
44. Camp proposes a comic vision of the world. But not a bitter or polemical comedy. If tragedy is an experience of hyperinvolvement, comedy is an experience of underinvolvement, of detachment.
"I adore simple pleasures, they are the last refuge of the complex."
- A Woman of No Importance
45. Detachment is the prerogative of an elite; and as the dandy is the 19th century's surrogate for the aristocrat in matters of culture, so Camp is the modern dandyism. Camp is the answer to the problem: how to be a dandy in the age of mass culture.
46. The dandy was overbred. His posture was disdain, or else ennui. He sought rare sensations, undefiled by mass appreciation. (Models: Des Esseintes in Huysmans' À Rebours, Marius the Epicurean, Valéry's Monsieur Teste.) He was dedicated to "good taste."
The connoisseur of Camp has found more ingenious pleasures. Not in Latin poetry and rare wines and velvet jackets, but in the coarsest, commonest pleasures, in the arts of the masses. Mere use does not defile the objects of his pleasure, since he learns to possess them in a rare way. Camp -- Dandyism in the age of mass culture -- makes no distinction between the unique object and the mass-produced object. Camp taste transcends the nausea of the replica.
47. Wilde himself is a transitional figure. The man who, when he first came to London, sported a velvet beret, lace shirts, velveteen knee-breeches and black silk stockings, could never depart too far in his life from the pleasures of the old-style dandy; this conservatism is reflected in The Picture of Dorian Gray. But many of his attitudes suggest something more modern. It was Wilde who formulated an important element of the Camp sensibility -- the equivalence of all objects -- when he announced his intention of "living up" to his blue-and-white china, or declared that a doorknob could be as admirable as a painting. When he proclaimed the importance of the necktie, the boutonniere, the chair, Wilde was anticipating the democratic esprit of Camp.
48. The old-style dandy hated vulgarity. The new-style dandy, the lover of Camp, appreciates vulgarity. Where the dandy would be continually offended or bored, the connoisseur of Camp is continually amused, delighted. The dandy held a perfumed handkerchief to his nostrils and was liable to swoon; the connoisseur of Camp sniffs the stink and prides himself on his strong nerves.
49. It is a feat, of course. A feat goaded on, in the last analysis, by the threat of boredom. The relation between boredom and Camp taste cannot be overestimated. Camp taste is by its nature possible only in affluent societies, in societies or circles capable of experiencing the psychopathology of affluence.
"What is abnormal in Life stands in normal relations to Art. It is the only thing in Life that stands in normal relations to Art."
- A Few Maxims for the Instruction of the Over-Educated
50. Aristocracy is a position vis-à-vis culture (as well as vis-à-vis power), and the history of Camp taste is part of the history of snob taste. But since no authentic aristocrats in the old sense exist today to sponsor special tastes, who is the bearer of this taste? Answer: an improvised self-elected class, mainly homosexuals, who constitute themselves as aristocrats of taste.
51. The peculiar relation between Camp taste and homosexuality has to be explained. While it's not true that Camp taste is homosexual taste, there is no doubt a peculiar affinity and overlap. Not all liberals are Jews, but Jews have shown a peculiar affinity for liberal and reformist causes. So, not all homosexuals have Camp taste. But homosexuals, by and large, constitute the vanguard -- and the most articulate audience -- of Camp. (The analogy is not frivolously chosen. Jews and homosexuals are the outstanding creative minorities in contemporary urban culture. Creative, that is, in the truest sense: they are creators of sensibilities. The two pioneering forces of modern sensibility are Jewish moral seriousness and homosexual aestheticism and irony.)
52. The reason for the flourishing of the aristocratic posture among homosexuals also seems to parallel the Jewish case. For every sensibility is self-serving to the group that promotes it. Jewish liberalism is a gesture of self-legitimization. So is Camp taste, which definitely has something propagandistic about it. Needless to say, the propaganda operates in exactly the opposite direction. The Jews pinned their hopes for integrating into modern society on promoting the moral sense. Homosexuals have pinned their integration into society on promoting the aesthetic sense. Camp is a solvent of morality. It neutralizes moral indignation, sponsors playfulness.
53. Nevertheless, even though homosexuals have been its vanguard, Camp taste is much more than homosexual taste. Obviously, its metaphor of life as theater is peculiarly suited as a justification and projection of a certain aspect of the situation of homosexuals. (The Camp insistence on not being "serious," on playing, also connects with the homosexual's desire to remain youthful.) Yet one feels that if homosexuals hadn't more or less invented Camp, someone else would. For the aristocratic posture with relation to culture cannot die, though it may persist only in increasingly arbitrary and ingenious ways. Camp is (to repeat) the relation to style in a time in which the adoption of style -- as such -- has become altogether questionable. (In the modem era, each new style, unless frankly anachronistic, has come on the scene as an anti-style.)
"One must have a heart of stone to read the death of Little Nell without laughing."
- In conversation
54. The experiences of Camp are based on the great discovery that the sensibility of high culture has no monopoly upon refinement. Camp asserts that good taste is not simply good taste; that there exists, indeed, a good taste of bad taste. (Genet talks about this in Our Lady of the Flowers.) The discovery of the good taste of bad taste can be very liberating. The man who insists on high and serious pleasures is depriving himself of pleasure; he continually restricts what he can enjoy; in the constant exercise of his good taste he will eventually price himself out of the market, so to speak. Here Camp taste supervenes upon good taste as a daring and witty hedonism. It makes the man of good taste cheerful, where before he ran the risk of being chronically frustrated. It is good for the digestion.
55. Camp taste is, above all, a mode of enjoyment, of appreciation - not judgment. Camp is generous. It wants to enjoy. It only seems like malice, cynicism. (Or, if it is cynicism, it's not a ruthless but a sweet cynicism.) Camp taste doesn't propose that it is in bad taste to be serious; it doesn't sneer at someone who succeeds in being seriously dramatic. What it does is to find the success in certain passionate failures.
56. Camp taste is a kind of love, love for human nature. It relishes, rather than judges, the little triumphs and awkward intensities of "character." . . . Camp taste identifies with what it is enjoying. People who share this sensibility are not laughing at the thing they label as "a camp," they're enjoying it. Camp is a tender feeling.
(Here, one may compare Camp with much of Pop Art, which -- when it is not just Camp -- embodies an attitude that is related, but still very different. Pop Art is more flat and more dry, more serious, more detached, ultimately nihilistic.)
57. Camp taste nourishes itself on the love that has gone into certain objects and personal styles. The absence of this love is the reason why such kitsch items as Peyton Place (the book) and the Tishman Building aren't Camp.
58. The ultimate Camp statement: it's good because it's awful . . . Of course, one can't always say that. Only under certain conditions, those which I've tried to sketch in these notes.
1 The sensibility of an era is not only its most decisive, but also its most perishable, aspect. One may capture the ideas (intellectual history) and the behavior (social history) of an epoch without ever touching upon the sensibility or taste which informed those ideas, that behavior. Rare are those historical studies -- like Huizinga on the late Middle Ages, Febvre on 16th century France -- which do tell us something about the sensibility of the period.
2 Sartre's gloss on this in Saint Genet is: "Elegance is the quality of conduct which transforms the greatest amount of being into appearing."
2008-08-02
Z&X历史
原贴标题是:
(我觉得是比较全面客观的一个版本. 我又重新整理了一下 )
X Z,对于大多数Zhong guo人来说,是一个美丽神秘的旅游胜地,
于被烟囱废气臭水笼罩的城市,X Z有透明的蓝天白云和纯净的雪山草地;相对于烦杂的办公室和电脑和拥挤的街道,X Z人烟稀少,每个人似乎都与人为善,路上看到的每一个藏人都在向你点头微笑;相对于做不完的事,赚不完的钱,然而,Zhong guo人也并不会因为XZ独特的风光和民风而觉得X Z在Zhong guo的地位有多特殊,大家对X Z的感情和对大理丽江九寨沟敦煌的感情差不多,
历史课中对X Z总是一笔带过,我们只知道解放军1950年和平解放了X Z,而之前XZ盛行着罪恶的农奴制。然而我们又经常听见(看见)
因为不了解而向往着,因为不了解而困惑着。然而我们对X Z问题的求知欲被琐碎的生活淹没了。
促使我弄清楚X Z的真相是源自一件事:
这个学期我选了Culture in Conflict(文化冲突)这门课。上课第一天老师就分配要做
拿到题目一看我差点没吐血!题目是:Chinese Policy against T i b e t — genocide, destruction through tourism (Zhong guo对X Z的政策——大.屠.杀,以及通过旅游破坏X Z)!!!那天的课我一句也没听进去,怎么可以这样说Zhong guo!我本想暴跳起来跟那个老师吵架,但慑于我的学分还在她的掌握中,但更多的是:
这学期我没干别的,读了大量的书、材料,浏览了大量的网页,
我想把我所做的和所有想知道X Z真相的人分享,
今天先写个序,以后每天我都会写一点。
一 .
"X Z"这个词的定义
首先,我们必须要弄清楚"X Z"这个词的定义。"X Z"这个词有双重含义——— 政 治的X Z和民族的X Z。政治的X Z是指Zhong guo境内的X Z自治区,范围等同于近代D L政.府统治区域。民族的X Z指X Z人种分布的区域,这片区域和西欧一样大。他们不仅分布在Zho
政治的X Z和民族的X Z的这种区别成为在X Z问题上Zhong guo政.府和D L X Z流亡政.府的表述战场的一部分。例如,因为X Z流亡政.府的一个主要目标就是重新统一Zhong guo境内的所有藏区为一个"大X Z",他们认为的"X Z"是在Zhong guo境内有藏族分布的地区。他们通常使用"X Z"这个词来表述民族X Z区域和政治的X Z区域发生的事件。因此,尽管解放军是1950年10月进入的政
X Z问题,其实质是与Zhong guo相关的X Z的政 治地位的问题,是一个民族主义的冲突问题。X Z问题是一个矛盾的两面:一面是民族(X Z)自决和独.立的权利;另一面是一个多民族国家(中华人.民共和国)维护其领土完整的权利。
类似的民族冲突没有简单的答案。
在这个典型的民族冲突中,Zhong guo政.府和D L对领土控制的斗争,伴随着各自对历史和当代事件的表述的斗争。双方(包括他们的外国支持者们)
我的分析尽量做到客观真实。
二。
X Z历史的简要介绍
关于X Z的历史争议不多,毕竟是过去几百年的东西了,也没什么好争的。
1。吐蕃王国的崛起
有记载的X Z历史可以追溯到公元7世纪,X Z在一种北印度文字的基础上创建了书写文字,佛教(Buddhi
松赞干布和文成公主的塑像至今还保存在布达拉宫里(Potal
2。 佛教在X Z的发展
松赞干布建立的强大的吐蕃王国200年后便衰弱了,
随着中央政权的瓦解,X Z的佛教也分成了许多派别。由于没有中央集权的政.府,
D L (D a l a i Lama)
不同的佛教派别以及他们的支持者们之间常年都有冲突甚至战争。
活佛的转世(reincarnation)
将转世作为宗教传承的方法在黄帽派出现之前数百年前即已出
活佛用这一概念预言他自己的再生;他死之后,
班禅喇嘛(PAmchen Lama)
由于格鲁派和蒙古人有着非同寻常的关系,第四世D L被认为是在一个蒙古小孩的肉身内。(这是历史上唯一一个没有在X Z境内寻访的D L。由于D L必须要在X Z寻访的制度,也让日后的Zhong guo政.府吃了一颗定心丸:目前流亡在印度的14世D L已经7
四世D L是一个蒙古小孩,没有佛教的背景知识,
自那以后,每次老D L死后,
D L世系表:
D L一世(追认)
1391-1474
根敦主
D L二世(追认)
1475-1542
根敦嘉措
D L三世
1543-1588
索南嘉措
D L四世
1589-1616
云丹嘉措
D L五世
1617-1682
阿旺罗桑嘉措
D L六世
1683-1706
仓央嘉措
D L七世
1708-1757
格桑嘉措
D L八世
1758-1804
绛贝嘉措
D L九世
1805-1815
隆朵嘉措
D L十世
1816-1837
楚臣嘉措
D L十一世
1838-1855
克主嘉措
D L十二世
1856-1875
成烈嘉措
D L十三世
1876-1933
土丹嘉措
D L十四世
1934---
班禅世系表:
一世班禅(追认)
1385-1438
格雷贝桑
二世班禅(追认)
1439-1504
索南乔郎
三世班禅(追认)
1505-1566
温萨八罗桑敦主
四世班禅
1567-1662
罗桑却吉坚赞
D L五世之师,首获班禅活佛封号
五世班禅
1663-1737
罗桑意希,首获班禅额尔德尼名号
六世班禅
1738-1780
贝丹意希 第一个到过内地的班禅,卒于B J
七世班禅
1782-1853
丹贝尼玛
八世班禅
1854-1882
丹贝旺秋,为D L十三世削发
九世班禅
1883-1937
却吉尼玛,为抵制英国殖民者,加强汉藏团结做过贡献
十世班禅
1938-1989
确吉坚赞,著名爱国宗教人士,为藏汉团结作出过巨大贡献
十一世班禅
1990-
确吉杰布
(缺少)
助手开始迫害康区的格鲁派僧人和学院,并进入X Z中部攻击格鲁派的主要中心。格鲁派害怕这是扫除他们教派的联合行动之始,
固始汗是和蒙古和硕特部落的首领,
固始汗将整个X Z的最高权力奉呈给五世D L,(政教合一了,
在一个国家使用外国军队夺权是危险的;请神容易送神难。X Z?蒙古四世D L死于1616年,在拉萨不远的X Z中部发现了他的继承者五世D L。五世D L的青年时期,
格鲁派统一X Z之时,满族(Manchu)正处在征服Zhong guo的最后阶段。1644年他们创建了新的王朝——清朝——
X Z的稳定一直持续到1682年,五世D L逝世。
这段时期,X Z摄政暗中勾结强大的准噶尔蒙古部落(
我们可以猜测,摄政想用准噶尔人的力量来平衡X Z和硕特蒙古部落的军事势力,甚至可能想把他们赶出X Z,回到安多。他也可能觉得如果准噶尔人统一蒙古,D L
准噶尔和和硕特部落的连年交战后,
当时清朝并无意将X Z纳入Zhong guo统治。他的目标是控制X Z人的的精神领袖,特别是要阻止X Z喇嘛用他们的宗教力量影响蒙古,损害清朝利益。过去,
1720年, 为了彻底排除X Z境内的准噶尔的残余力量,康熙与7世D L签署协议,X Z归顺大清帝国,而清朝派兵驻扎X Z,任命七世D L为最高宗教领袖和政治领袖管理X Z。(真正的政教合一,D L全权处理X Z的僧俗事务)此时在历史上第一次X Z正式归入Zhong guo版图。1728年,雍正帝为了便于管辖X Z,大幅缩小X Z领土。康区的一部分划归四川省管辖,另外一部分划归云南省。
4。事实独.立期(1911-1949)
清王朝1911年被推翻,建立民国。
十三世D L趁这个混乱的局势寻求X Z 独.立。
1913年,临时总统袁世凯,给D L发去如下的电报:目前,
D L回复说,他并未向Zhong guo政.府请求他以前的封号,他"要在X Z行使世俗和宗教统治。"许多人将这份回复和他回来22天后发布的一则公
中华民国并不承认X Z的独.立,但是这段时间Zhong guo完全陷入两次世界大战及全面的内战中,根本没有精力对X Z采取实际行动。当然,Zhong guo也没有放弃其对X Z主权 的主张。蒋介石政.府在全世界(和Zhong guo本土)发起了一场宣传运动,积极在国际上营 造X Z是Zhong guo一部分的印象,有力地加强其地位。
而X Z没有官员理解西方政治,也不说英语,
5.X Z和英国的关系(清朝末年民国初期)
19世纪和20世 纪初,是大英帝国的全盛时期。由于对印度这一"
英国对X Z和印度之间可能发展出繁荣贸易给予厚望,希望印度能像向X Z出口茶叶,而从X Z得到羊毛、兽角、毛皮、草药、金和麝香等。然而,X Z政.府似乎比清朝政.府更加闭关自守,
由于不能启动和X Z政.府面对面的会谈,1903年,寇松说服伦敦,
就在1904年英国军队攻入拉萨城前夕,十三世D L
D L的留守官员和英国签署了《英藏条约》(1904年)。
这种X Z政.府撇开B J和英国单独签署条约的做法让清王朝很不快。1906年清政.府
1909年D L13回到了拉萨,清政.府感觉比起冒险替换D L,
英军入侵X Z和1904年《英藏条约》极大地改变了清政.府对X Z的政策。在此之前,清政.府无意直接管理X Z或使之汉化。英国咄咄逼人的行动暗示B J,如果不立即行动起来,它在X Z的霸权地位可能失去;如果X Z成为英国势力范围,英国人就能从X Z高原俯视Zhong guo要地四川。尽管此时清政.府虚弱不堪,处在崩溃的边缘,
清政.府感觉到单靠X Z自己的军队根本无法抵御外强入侵,
1910年2月清政.府军队进驻拉萨时,D L再次逃亡,
Zhong guo再次废黜D L,逐步增加X Z的实际控制,Zhong guo官员更加直接进行管理。建立了Zhong guo邮政机构,并发行了X Z的第一张邮票(汉文和藏文双语)。X Z似乎将被彻底并入Zhong guo。但是这一进程突然被打断,1911年,清王朝被推翻了。
1913年D L又回到拉萨,然后袁世凯发"复职"电报给他…….
新成立的中华民国集内忧外患于一身,根本没有能力对D L宣布的X Z 独.立采取实质性行动,但也没有放弃对X Z主权的主张。
这时,英国提出在印度北部西姆拉(Simla) 地方举行中英藏三边会议。
1913年10月13日,所谓中、英、藏会议在印度西姆拉召开,
Zhong guo的目的是阻止X Z 独.立,X Z代表的目的是要独.立,英国的目的是要取得在X Z的最大权益。
英方提出《西姆拉草约》的主要内容是:
1、划分"外藏区"和"内藏区"。前者接近印度,包括拉萨、
2、在"内藏区"内,保留X Z委派寺庙堪布及地方头人之权利。
3、Zhong guo在X Z仅有"宗主权",Zhong guo政.府承认"外藏自治",不干涉其"内政",不得改X Z为Zhong guo行省,不在X Z"殖民"。
4、限制Zhong guo政.府驻拉萨官吏之卫队,不得超过300人。此外,
5、英国"不吞并X Z任何部分",愿受与Zhong guo在藏受到的"同样限制",英国驻藏商
务委员会之卫队不超过Zhong guo驻拉萨官吏卫队的四分之三。
Zhong guo代表没有在会议上签字,会议就这样完全破裂告终。
麦克马洪线的由来:
然而,在1914年的3月24日,英国谈判代表享利?麦克马洪竟
历届Zhong guo政.府都不承认这条线的合法性。
英国也没有履行它当初对X Z的诺言,是一个典型的西方"坏朋友综合症"。 英国一方面出资提供武器训练藏人的军队,对藏人号称支持其独.立
既然讲到了麦克马洪线,就顺便讲一下中印问题。
在东经92度至97度之间的约9万多平方公里的喜马拉雅山脉南坡
这块面积巨大得相当于浙江省而又富饶的地域,
历史进程:
1940年印度独.立以后,继续霸占着它原来的主人---英国为
1949年新Zhong guo成 立后,把建立与周边国家的睦邻友好关系放在了第一位,
1951年2月2日,印度军队乘Zhong guo在朝鲜激战无暇西顾,派兵占领了X Z地方政.府管辖的达旺地区。此后,Zhong guo政.府经过多方交涉表明态度,
1954年,印度公开以Zhong guo历届政.府都未承认的"麦克马洪线"划为中印边界。
1959年,印度公开支持和收容X Z叛乱分子并在中印边境制造流血事件。
1962年10月,印度总理尼赫鲁向印度军队下达了"将Zhon
1962年10月12日,印度当局竟然命令其军队把Zhong guo军队从Zhong guo领土上"清除掉 "。10月20日,印度军队在中印边境东段和西段向Zhong guo发动大规模的全面进攻。Zhong guo政.府和人.民在忍无可忍的情况下,被迫实行自卫还击。
印度军队在中印边界战争中的彻底失败,使尼赫鲁乱了方寸。
而印度政.府却未能理解Zhong guo的善意。他们认为Zhong guo军队的"惩罚"大大伤害了印度的自尊和体面,并把Zhon
此时印度国内的反华势力却依然活动猖獗。他们支持X Z叛乱分子在新德里举行活动,还把"X Z问题"和"Zhong guo在X Z侵犯人.权"议案提交联合国大会。与此同时,英迪拉?甘地政.
1987年印度议会通过法令,正式在"麦克马洪线"
1998年5月,印度人.民党联合政.府为进行核试验大肆叫嚷"
2003年6月23日,瓦杰帕伊总理访华期间,印度政.府首次公
6。中华人民共和国时期的X Z(上贴在11页,X Z和英国的关系)
(1) 1950-1959 过渡期(过渡期第一帖)
1949年10月,中华人民共和国成立。在Zhong guo GCD形成伊始,党内接受苏联领导,并接受苏联的民族政策:
此时,X Z问题的解决也不比清朝覆灭时更容易。X Z军事上衰弱,内部分裂,但是从任何度,X Z象个事实独立的政体运作。X Z也未能获得国际社会对其独立声明的支持。英国和印度(
清朝覆灭之后,一系列幸运的事件阻止Zhong guo积极解决X Z问题;但是此时这些因素都不再存在。X Z现代化派曾害怕,有一天X Z不得不用无力保卫自己的独立地位,如今这一天就要到来了。
尽管如此,X Z政府也未坐以待毙。它对共产党在Zhong guo内战胜利的反应是:面临此对其独立的共产党威胁,
Zhong guo GCD军队已入侵Zhong guo兰州、青海和新疆各省;由于这些省份地处X Z边界,我们已递送官方文书给Zhong guo GCD 领袖毛泽东先生(Mr. Mautsetung),要求他尊重X Z的领土完整。
我们将我们政府送往Zhong guo GCD 政府领袖的信件复件附在此信之后,
敬请考虑给我们民事和军事上大量帮助,我们不胜感激,
X Z外交局
拉 萨
1949年11月4日
X Z政府给美国人送去了一封类似的呼吁信。1949年12月22日
X Z在过去三十年间作为一个独立国家没有遇到什么麻烦,然而最近Z
在如此关键时刻,我们不能对此漠不关心。我们很快将派喇恰(
因此,如果我们的使团抵达华盛顿,
得悉此计划后,新的G C D政府严正抗议;
与此同时,在Zhong guo 政府宣布年的主要目标之一是解放X Z,这可不是空谈——毛泽东已开始计划"解放"X Z的策略。毛的历史感极佳,清楚地理解X Z的国际状态,使得其和Zhong guo其他的民族截然不同。在一个场合,毛告诫他的将军们,
尽管毛手握数百万大军,但是在寒冷的青藏高原,
Zhong guo共产党对藏区(Zhong guo控制的青海、四川/西康省)
X Z军队领导组织无力。 藏军的将领由政府官员轮流担任,无需特殊的军事训练;
X Z政府最害怕的事情如今变成了现实——X Z面临军事进攻,却没有明显的手段来对付。
但X Z是一个"国家"吗?英国外交官检视了这个问题,得出结论X Z有资格作为一个国家,可将此问题提交联合国,
X Z政府对此感到孤立无援,沮丧不堪,觉得没有选择,
(Seventeen-Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of T i b e t)
十七条协议正式结束X Z问题的争端,为汉藏关系掀开了新的一页。第一条明确写道:"X Z人民团结起来,驱逐帝国主义侵略势力出X Z,X Z人民回到中华人民共和国大家庭中来。" X Z承认Zhong guo的主权。与此让步交换,Zhong guo在第3、4、7和11条中,承认维持D L和传统的政治经济制度不变,直到X Z人民希望改革。
(缺少)
权政治不同。尽管毛的最终目标显然是按照社会主义革命目标改革X Z,但是他的X Z政策寻求创建和谐的汉藏关系;缓和X Z的忧虑,让藏族上层社会随着时间逐渐接受重新和Zhong guo统一,同意社会变革。自称"新Zhong guo人"。
在X Z的解放军官兵强调他们是来帮助X Z,而不是来剥削或者欺凌X Z,他们小心谨慎的展示他们尊敬X Z的文化和宗教。例如,他们向拉萨地区的所有两万名僧尼布施。
此一政策的中心是D L。毛将D L作为一种特别角色,通过他,
1951年10月末,D L发电报给毛泽东,正式接受协议。19
签订十七条协议之后,毛泽东在X Z执行了一种缓和政策,这一点和西方普遍认位的强
(缺少)
动,也波及藏区。1955年末,
50年代中期,X Z内部局势开始恶化。X Z强硬派与民族藏区起义失败的逃亡人员结盟,组织武装叛乱。
但是值得一提的是,发起叛乱以及后来随D L14流亡到印度的藏族
随后,Zhong guo政府宣布中止十七条协议,废除传统X Z政府。Zhong guo政府没收了僧俗上层贵族阶层的财产,X Z数千庙宇中绝大多数被关闭,同时建立了新的共产党政府机构。
对于X Z和Zhong guo而言,1951-1959年的过渡期就这样悲惨地结束了。
但是,Zhong guo的一部分人认为,
1959年以后,流亡藏人和Zhong guo争相将自己对X Z历史和当代世界的诠释合法化。Zhong guo人谈论X Z旧封建农奴制度的极端残酷和弊端,流亡藏人则讨论许多Zhon
(2) 1960-1977
1959年L S暴乱后,D L及部分藏人流亡印度,在印度宣布
关于美国是否承认X Z独立的问题,远东事务局(FE, Far Eastern Affairs)仔细研究了此举的得失。考虑所有因素,
但是,美国仍然需要看起来对D L的请求做出响应,
因此,对于流亡藏人而言,指望美国全力赢得世界支持X Z独立,从一开始就成问题;到六十年代后期,当总统尼克松(
随着美国政治焦点转向和Zhong guo搞好关系,X Z变得令美国政府困窘。X Z问题不再和美国国家利益相关——实际上,还对此有害。到七十年代,
如此,流亡藏人1959年之后的努力对X Z局势没有影响,也无法创造国际舆论同意其自决或者独立。Zho
一个留学美国大学的藏人1964年回到Zhong guo,在其自传中生动地回忆起1966年和红卫兵一起返回时对
我还碰到一位女士……后来成为我的妻子……从任何意义上来说,
简而言之,1959年叛乱之后,佛教被毁,
(3)1978年以后(第一帖)
毛泽东1976年逝世,随后"四人帮"垮台,邓小平执掌权力。
1978年,Zhong guo在X Z做出了一些单方面的姿态,例如释放一些犯人,
1978年,Zhong guo政府的代表和D L的哥哥嘉乐顿珠(Gyalo Thondup,定居香港,能说流利中文)在香港进行了非正式谈判;双方都表达了在X Z问题上和解的兴趣。随后,1979年邓小平邀请嘉乐顿珠访问B J,告诉他,除了完全独立,其他的什么问题都可以讨论,
D L于是派遣了三个参观团访问Zhong guo,其中包括他的家人。X Z自治区党委第一书记,汉人任荣,向B J报告说,X Z的政治局势很好,藏人团结在党和祖国周围。但是,一个参观团,
然而当参观团到达拉萨时,
此外,这些访问让流亡藏人增强了信心:
B J的对外政策(与D L对话)伴随着新的对内政策:B J试图通过改善X Z的经济状况,以及满足X Z人的民族感情来解决X Z问题。
1980年5月,党总书记胡耀邦和副总理万里前所未有的亲自来到
(1)在党中央的统一领导下,充分行使民族区域自治的自治权力…
(2)……和全国其他省自治区相比,X Z人民的生活水平明显较低。这一情况显示,X Z人民的负担必须大幅减轻。接下来几年内,对X Z人民实行免税、免征购……取消各种捐税。
(3)在所有经济问题上,X Z采取特殊的、适合X Z情况的灵活政策,包括农业、畜牧业、金融业、商业、
(4)在坚持社会主义大方 向的前提下,要大力地、充分地发展藏族的科教文化事业。
X Z的教育事业进步不够。考虑到X Z的特殊情况,我们要努力在X Z设立大学,中学和小学。部分文化失传,寺庙中的佛教经典被毁,
(5)要正确执行党的民族干部政策,
这样的公开言论令人瞩目,
胡耀邦和中共中央的决定,放弃了文化大革命的强硬同化政策,
(1)民族方面——鼓励复兴藏族宗教文化,包括大量使用藏语,
(2)经济方面——暂时免去税收和"低于市场价"的征购,
但是,B J不再愿意想50年代那样,允许一个分离的,
新政策试图矫正文革时期对藏人犯的错,赢得藏人的信任和支持。
随着对内政策的形成,B J同时继续其对外政策,和D L接触。1979年-1981年期
1. Zhong guo已经走上新的时期,政治能够长期安定,经济能够不断繁荣,
地团结互助。D L应该相信这一点。
2. D L和他的代表,应该开诚布公地和中央政府交往,不要捉迷藏。
3. 中央政府真诚欢迎D L和跟随他的人回来定居。
4. D L回来定居后的政治待遇和生活待遇,照1959年以前的待遇
5. D L什么时候回来,他可以向报界发表简单声明,
D L及其官员面临的问题是在这些会议上如何回应Zhong guo。Zhong guo的五点方针尽管提出了一些妥协,但对于D L
流亡领袖同时也担心,历史是否会认为他们是叛徒,永远放弃了X Z的独立权利。这是个富含感情的话题,
令问题更复杂化的是"民族X Z"的未来地位。流亡政府已深深地承诺重建一个"大X Z",这是上一个X Z政府的努力目标(就在在1913-1914年的西姆拉谈判中)
然而,大X Z的目标完全无视政治现实。X Z已有一个多世纪未统治这些四川、青海、甘肃和云南的大片地区,
除了以上限制和解的条件之外,另外一个因素是流亡领袖们的观点。
最后,D L的代表团提出:和谈讨论不涉及D L回归的具体问题。
D L的态度令B J感到失望。
1982年会谈之后,流亡领袖继续攻击Zhong guo的政策和在X Z违反人权,这样的攻击往往超越了实际情况反应的事实。例如,
尽管B J严重怀疑和D L和解的可能性,但也不愿切断和D L的谈判。
Zhong guo则继续推行其对内政策,到1985年末1986年初,X Z加强了胡耀邦所说的自治状况。在这一状况下,
然而Zhong guo仍然要承认,西方人所知道的言论和集会的政治自由,在X Z和Zhong guo 其他部分都是不允许的;但是,允许X Z文化和宗教在一个藏人占绝大多数的地区发展繁荣,
(缺少)
区,公社被解散了,物质生活极大地改善了。同时,Z
D L及流亡领袖于1986~1987对此做出回应,
在D L的"国际游说运动"中,
现在流亡政府的新攻势, 对准了美国外交策略的软肋——国会,
1987年,运动获得了几个主要突破。9月21日,D L
美国众议院通过议案,谴责X Z的人权侵犯,指示总统表达对X Z的同情,敦促Zhong guo和D L进行建设性谈判。
虽然国会的议案比起早已放弃的1960年克里斯蒂安?赫脱
D L在国际政坛上频频露脸,活跃于各个国家演讲Zhong guo的"暴行",得到广大西方国家的认同和支持,成功地推动了X Z问题的国际化,
3)1978年后(第四帖:87-89年拉萨发生的四次骚乱及其
D L在美国的活动在拉萨广为人知,并获得了急切的呼应。
第一次骚乱:
10月1日 上午,另外一队二三十个僧人在拉萨示威,表达他们对D L
事后B J表示出一些和解的姿态:1988年初,10世班禅喇嘛被派到X Z,授权做出一些让步,试图平息那些僧人,让1988年2月的藏
第二次骚乱:
1988年3月5日,藏历新年和祈祷大法会的最后一天, 当喇嘛们举着弥勒菩萨 (Maitreya)塑像的仪式完成时,
第三次骚乱:
1988年12月僧人在国际人权日上的示威爆发了
第四次骚乱:
1989年3月5日,
在这个关键时刻,B J终于意识到X Z正在逐步失去控制,采取了强硬手段控制局势,在X Z宣布戒严。
骚乱之因:
为什么在Zhong guo采取其缓和、照顾敏感民族情绪的改良政策之时,
1。示威部分上是被D L及其流亡领袖鼓动的。
2。影响藏人态度的另外一个因素是,他们用Zhong guo政府制度的框架来理解美国发生的事情。在Zhong guo,人民代表大会具有最高权力,所有的事情都通过它决定。
3。文革10年对传统宗教和文化的毁灭性破坏。
4。参与这四次骚乱的藏人多为59年废除农奴制后出生的藏人。
5。Zhong guo政府坚持迅速发展X Z经济,这一政策制造了一些新的问题。其中最主要的问题是,自1984年以来,汉族和回族大量涌入X Z。
而这一过程的开始,并不象D L指控的"汉族人口大迁移"那样——
自从1951年"解放"以来,
6。另一个重要的原因是,B J不愿意给藏人所要的全面的文化和宗教信仰自由。
7。在这种气氛中,藏人伟大文明的精英象征——僧人——
总之,究其骚乱爆发的原因,
拉萨的藏人的态度和感情很矛盾。一方面是压抑已久的愤怒,
(3)1978年后(第五帖:D L与Zhong guo政府的较量)
来自美国国会的新的支持,以及X Z发生的示威和骚乱,令流亡藏人们下结论:
1988年4月,Zhong guo宣布如果D L公开放弃独立目标,他可以居住在X Z(而不是B J)。两个月后,1988年6月15日,D L在斯特拉斯堡 (Strasbourg,in France)对欧洲议会的讲话中对此做出回应。
Zhong guo政府应负责X Z的外交。X Z政府应透过其外事单位,在宗教、商业、教育、文化、观光、科学、
X Z政府应建立于基本宪法之上。这个基本宪法应该授权X Z的民主体制政府……这表示X Z政府将有权决定所有有关X Z人民和X Z的事务。
由于个人自由是任何社会发展的真正根源和潜能,X Z政府应完全恪遵全球人权宣言以确保包括言论、
X Z政府应设立于拉萨,应该有一个经由民选选出的行政长官、
X Z的社会和经济体制应该取决于X Z人民的医院,并特别注重提升全体人民的生活水准。
我们应该召开区域性的和平会议,以确保X Z的非军事化。在和会召开、中立化和非军事化达成之前,Zhon
D L表明他已准备好和Zhong guo就此建议进行谈判,并宣布其谈判小组成员,其中包括一名荷兰籍法律顾问。
斯特拉斯堡建议不寻求完全独立,但是它也不接受Zhong guo政治制度下的有限自治。如其说它呼吁给X Z新的地位,还不如说它支持回到清朝统治下的自治权。D L可以接受成为Zhong guo的一部分,但是Zhong guo应对X Z事务基本没什么权力。因为这份建议基本上早在1984年秘密会
这份建议同时是个有效的政治策略。
起初,斯特拉斯堡讲话将B J陷入混乱。从基本面上看,Zhong guo领导层并不愿意接受这个妥协方案——D L不提独立而改为完全自治,
D L表明他已准备好和Zhong guo就此建议进行谈判,并宣布其谈判小组成员,其中包括一名荷兰籍法律顾问。 内部局势下,B J怎么可能让藏人享有西方民主式的自由?
在此局势不断恶化形成僵局之时,X Z第二大活佛——班禅喇嘛——于1989年 1月28日突然逝世,他的死给双方带来一个和解的机会。
Zhong guo方面希望打破和D L的僵局,由佛教协会邀请D L来B J参加班禅喇嘛的葬礼,想借此机会让D L和Zhong guo高层领导非正式地讨论政治局势。Zhong guo方面相信D L比他的那些顾问们更缓和,
但是D L和其高官不愿意接受这一邀请。
其间,1989年X Z的局势进一步恶化。拉萨的藏人继续进行小的民族主义示威,并在
1989年B J受到的另一个大挫折是D L被授予诺贝尔和平奖。
到1989年底,B J在X Z的内外策略处于一片混乱之中。除非Zhong guo愿意放弃西藏的直接政治控制,接受斯特拉斯堡建议,
B J对此的反应是采取更加强硬的民族同化政策。B J强硬派认为:毛泽东的渐进主义X Z政策(支持D L同时放慢改革速度)促成了1959年的叛乱;
Zhong guo政法委书记乔石(现在是人大委员长)
在1989年冬的政治局会议上,胡耀邦的缓和政策正式被放弃。
新政策定位为:不能指望D L在X Z扮演建设性角色。B J试图抛开他来解决X Z问题。
更具体的做法是,B J派遣受过更好教育的人员(非藏人)进藏,来加强X Z党的领导,希望他们能够更加有效地使X Z和藏人现代化。类似的,更大的努力放在教育藏族年轻干部和在复兴党的各级机构——从上层到乡村一级。当然安全方面也得到了巨大的改善,在不稳定区域增加了一些便衣和警察局,更新监视设备。这些措施的结果是,新的示威很快得到控制,有效制止其升级为骚乱。确实,自1990年戒严解除之后七年间,尽管有频繁的示威,却没有发生一起新的骚乱。此外,实施这些控制措施没有限制拉萨居民的日常生活——只要拉萨人不从事政治活动,他们想去哪就可以去哪,可以自由地会见朋友,邀请喇嘛举行宗教仪式,集会等等。这种成功给了B J的领导人信心
中央政府新政策的基石是经济增长和现代化——
从某种程度上说,新的经济政策取得了B J所希望的效果。大批藏人从经济上受益,其他的把注意力从政治转到新的经济机会上来。但是,
口",因此不是通常意义上的"殖民者",
历史上还是第一次,他们的到来将X Z的政治中心拉萨,变成一个非藏居民人数与真正的藏族居民相等,甚至更多的城市。非藏人现在控制了当地经济的各个层面的大部分领域——
拉萨的很多藏人对这股洪流颇有怨言,
B J否决了这种言论,坚持快速发展是第一位的。
当然,B J不愿意阻止这一人口流动,也有政治和战略动机。大量的非藏人口在X Z居住和工作,这给B J一个新的强大的拥护Zhong guo的"支持者",提升了X Z安全。尽快这些Zhong guo人并不认为自己是永久殖民者,
很多汉人也可能最后定居在X Z。因此,虽然B J无法劝说大部分藏人忽略D L,接受成为Zhong guo一部分最符合他们的利益,但是B J可以授权大量Zhong guo人定居在X Z。通过新的法案,给予"流动人口"有吸引力的补贴,诱使他们在X Z定居,以此来造成大批汉人的定居事实。(我记得2001年大学毕业时,
同学可以被评为"先进毕业生",去到X Z还可以得到一大笔"安家费",而且据说那里的工资是内地的两倍。全校有多少毕业生去了X Z我不知道,但至少我们班有一个女生去了X Z大学教书。)
对于Zhong guo领导人而言,同样重要的是,他们期望这些Zhong guo人能给藏人带来现代思考和行为模式的范例,让他们耳濡目染,逐渐仿效。
,尽管B J意识到,其开放政策短期内会给藏人带来伤害和痛苦,
但是,很多藏人,包括藏族干部和知识分子,
你知道[Zhong guo统治下]现代X Z历史的四个阶段吗?
第一个十年(1950-60),我们丢了土地[即,Zhong guo军队进入并控制了X Z];第二个十年(1960-70),我们丢了政治权力[即,
B J还试图通过教育制度来创建一个"现代化的",
族同学。)
1994年,X Z开始了新一轮教育和党的改革,寻求减少文盲,同时更严密地控制教育内容,以使X Z学生不会接触到微妙的民族主义和分离主义意识形态。同样,1994年,下令X Z政府官员召回在达兰萨拉念书的子女,停止在家中供奉D L的画像。
这些变化造就了一批受过良好教育,宗教色彩淡漠,
B J的"强硬"X Z政策也延伸到语言等文化领域。藏人可以自由的穿着、说、写和用"藏语"生活,但B J现在不愿实施更多的"文化方面的"改变,担心强化西藏的特性会将X Z和Zhong guo的其他部分分隔更远。因而,Zhong guo不将藏语作为政府机构的标准语言;同时,B J继续限制僧尼的人数,收紧重建寺庙的限制,并加强对现在寺庙的
管理。
所以,B J1989年之后的政策基本上重新定义了X Z的民族和文化自治。在很多领域,例如计划生育,X Z仍存在特殊的补贴和优惠待遇。过去认为,因其历史,西藏在Zhong guo有其特殊地位;现在则认为,X Z只不过是多民族国家中的一个少数民族而已。X Z被看作是一个民族区域,只要藏人愿意,
B J的强硬政策将D L置之不理,
于是,B J重新占了上风。D L国际运动的胜利看起来越来越象出征舞一样的胜利。国际建议在西方赢得了巨大的象征性胜利,
1989年1月28日,十世班禅喇嘛在X Z逝世,Zhong guo政府同意选择新的班禅喇嘛。因为此事和X Z有关,选择过程应按照X Z传统和规范,以确保新的转世灵童在X Z的宗教合法性。同时,考虑到政治需要,B J需要在寻访过程中明确反映中央政府在挑选转世灵童上的权威,而且下一任的班禅喇嘛必须在Zhong guo找到。为了达到这两个目标,B J的策略
是,由前任班禅喇嘛主寺(扎什伦布)的喇嘛和僧官们组建一个"
B J一开始并不想有D L参与,但是考虑到新任班禅喇嘛的合法性,
意合作,当然最好不过了;但是如果D L不合作,Zhong guo也能在没有他的情况下继续. D L也于1991年3月送了一封信给新德里的Zhong guo大使馆,说他愿意在寻访过 程中提供帮助;从1990年到1993年,
B J默许寻访小组的负责人,扎什伦布寺的恰扎活佛和D L取得联系。1993年7月17日,恰扎活佛趁嘉乐顿珠访问B J之时,托他转送一封信给D L。这封信 用了传统的X Z手卷格式,提及D L时使用了最尊贵的措词,信中向D L祈福,希望他帮助迅速选择班禅喇嘛;也就是说,请求D L
从藏人的角度看,D L认可信的班禅喇嘛至关重要,
(包括照片)。他还通知D L,种种迹象表明,其中一名男童——
由于恰扎已经获得了D L对根敦确吉尼玛的确认,
Zhong guo媒体报道,1995年2月11日,
就在这个时刻,1995年5月14日,D L突然向世界宣布,
这一宣告当然激怒了Zhong guo政府,并使之感到难堪。B J曾试图通过恰扎活佛和扎什伦布寺,按照"藏族"的惯例来进行此事,甚至寻求D L
布是一个敌对的政治行为,旨在让Zhong guo难堪;同时再次说明D L无情地追求在西方世界的名望,而不顾Zhong guo付出的代价。Zhong guo认为,D L再次在关键时刻藐视B J,并送出了一个清楚的信号,他不愿和B J合作。
D L先发制人地宣布下任班禅喇嘛,
"的结果。同时D L也可以给B J一个政治信号,表明他真心诚意地愿意和B J合作,减少冲突,解决问题。理性上,D L知道他需要在B J有更多的朋友和支持者,而不是华盛顿或者纽约,但是从感情上,
D L的宣布置B J于困境,B J不得不决定是否挑战D L(当然,也是它自己的寻访小组的)选择。如果它同意D L的选择,
可能有很多藏人会拒绝接受这位班禅喇嘛的合法性。
B J花了5个月来决定这个事情,最后用金瓶挚签选择了另一名男童;
D L及其支持者叫嚣着攻击这个决定,
随后,B J也加强了对D L的宣传攻势,使用更粗暴和侮辱的词句。这一反D L运动持续到现在。许多Zhong guo人士相信,等待72岁的D L逝世,是对他们的"X Z"问题的最简单的答案。认真的寻求和D L谈判并没有多大好处,
做出很大的让步了。B J对D L的信任达到了最低点。
同时,Zhong guo政府全力加快发展和X Z现代化政策。它希望无论D L和藏人怎么想,怎么做,这一政策能够巩固其在X Z的地位,最终创造出新一代藏人,让他们认为最合乎利益的就是成为Zhong guo的一部分。即使这一点没有成功,这一政策也会从根本上改变X Z的人口构成和经济特性,因此,不能赢得X Z的下一代也不会减弱B J对西藏的控制。


05月 30th, 2008 at 5:22 pm
呵呵
ML?=
GB?
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:25 pm
李晨同学是英文太好忘了中文吧...在论坛里,MLGB不是=麻辣隔壁...确实囧...
支持支持呀....
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:29 pm
晨dd帽徽设计不错
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:35 pm
i just thought it could be "Make Love Good Bye" ,妈妈咪哦。
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:39 pm
妈了个逼,的确有才!
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:48 pm
为啥中国人就不习惯“为您服务”而非要用灾区人民看不懂的意大利文缩写来表达意思?
囧orz。。。
这招……
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:57 pm
囧。。。
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:04 pm
太油菜了,偶很不纯洁,面壁去。
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:04 pm
还以为是 Make love getting better...
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:13 pm
Make Love Girl&Boy
让我去死吧,我这是怎么了
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:15 pm
make love的国家标准(GB)
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:16 pm
哦,想起来了,好似李晨在国外卖吧。
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:24 pm
跟贴的都太有才了
05月 30th, 2008 at 6:36 pm
MAKE LIFE GETTING BETTER.......?make的用法是跟动词原形的吧,怎么会是getting。。。?应该是get吧。。。其实我也忘了make的用法了
05月 30th, 2008 at 7:16 pm
李晨是谁呀,另外这个衬衫不太好看。而且有不雅之嫌,一般人是不敢传出去的。
05月 30th, 2008 at 7:20 pm
应该是make life better, or make love better
05月 30th, 2008 at 7:30 pm
……我还以为是 Make Love ,Girl & Boy……
05月 30th, 2008 at 7:46 pm
直接写中文不行吗??
05月 30th, 2008 at 8:13 pm
理解同10楼
05月 30th, 2008 at 8:57 pm
撇开中文的粗口不说,英文的语法也完全错了啊
05月 30th, 2008 at 8:59 pm
难道没有人和我想的一样,make love with your GB?
05月 30th, 2008 at 9:12 pm
我第一反应
make love, get big
05月 30th, 2008 at 9:25 pm
这是衬衫?我一直以为是T恤来着...
05月 30th, 2008 at 10:08 pm
我的第一念头是 MAKE LOVE with GIRLS & BOYS ~~我承认想太多了~~
05月 30th, 2008 at 10:16 pm
汗...
以为是 make love, game boy...
05月 30th, 2008 at 10:17 pm
突然想到,菜头发这个帖子的意思,就是让我们随着字母来YY.
这人...
TY...
05月 30th, 2008 at 10:28 pm
就是这人哪鸟啊?不认得啊!YY
05月 30th, 2008 at 10:35 pm
我还以为是Geting Bigger呢
05月 30th, 2008 at 10:47 pm
只有我很纯洁地纠正说:make life get better
为什么不是May life get better!
05月 30th, 2008 at 11:45 pm
顶楼上,虽然我想的也是骂了隔壁。
囧和o不能同时用。。
三联把菜头名字排错了呃。。。
05月 30th, 2008 at 11:50 pm
我还以为是make love gay & bitch..高难度啊
05月 30th, 2008 at 11:58 pm
不是俺 Says:
05月 30th, 2008 at 5:48 pm
为啥中国人就不习惯“为您服务”而非要用灾区人民看不懂的意大利文缩写来表达意思?
囧orz。。。
这招……
-----------------------
我更加囧orz。。。
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:08 am
猫了个咪的,狂囧!!!!!!!!
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:12 am
inchan Says:
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:08 am
猫了个咪的,狂囧!!!!!!!!
--------------
对此解释 狂囧!!!!!!!!
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:24 am
"make life getting better"语法不通,英文中无此用法。
好像更合理的解释是“My life’s getting better."
不过,实在不知道李晨是who啊?
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:37 am
Channel V的VJ. 我个人感觉这个设计不是为了赈灾才设计的. 应该是以前设计着好玩, 然后赈灾了拿出来义卖. 但是毕竟容易引起不和谐的联想, 所以随口胡诌了个解释.....
要是特意为赈灾设计成这样的, 那只能送他自己一件先了.
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:46 am
忙碌搞逼?
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:46 am
是不是还有人想成:
Make Love, Give Blowjob?
05月 31st, 2008 at 12:52 am
respectfully disagree:
good will but unfortunate basic grammatic mistake: make sb/sth do...啊
05月 31st, 2008 at 1:23 am
帅哥无才便是德
05月 31st, 2008 at 1:26 am
很好的解释。
05月 31st, 2008 at 2:19 am
妈拉个巴子
我的爱回来了:my love get back
迷恋根部
摸老公B
没狼狗吧?
灭了丐帮
卖粮够本
摩洛哥吧
麻辣锅巴
骂了隔壁
玛丽隔壁
美丽光波
美丽港币
曼联狗逼
喵~~~~~~~~来个饼~~~~~~~
05月 31st, 2008 at 3:26 am
喵~~~~~~~~来个饼~~~~~~~
=================================
on @_@
05月 31st, 2008 at 8:07 am
李晨blog上对MLGB的解释是:MY LIFE‘S GETTING BETTER。
这样的话,文法没什么问题了。
但我依然觉得菜头那个移动版“囧orz”可谓描写生动。
05月 31st, 2008 at 8:35 am
make love 狗逼~~~
05月 31st, 2008 at 10:18 am
尘世客 Says:
05月 31st, 2008 at 2:19 am
...
麻辣锅巴
...
………………………………………………
很纯很六一
05月 31st, 2008 at 10:31 am
李晨是Channel[V]主持人。
05月 31st, 2008 at 10:39 am
Make Life Better 或 Get Better 才通
05月 31st, 2008 at 1:00 pm
大冬瓜 Says:
05月 31st, 2008 at 8:07 am
李晨blog上对MLGB的解释是:MY LIFE‘S GETTING BETTER。
这样的话,文法没什么问题了。
但我依然觉得菜头那个移动版“囧orz”可谓描写生动。
-----------------------------
有没有联通版?
05月 31st, 2008 at 3:07 pm
就买这个了。
最近单位号召买 爱国T恤。
发出来的样品我都不喜欢,他们的已经分 几批买回来了。
这次总算找到我喜欢的啦。
05月 31st, 2008 at 9:06 pm
有够2B了。
06月 1st, 2008 at 1:52 pm
似乎不太通顺,呵呵,不过不管怎么希望大家都能MLGB
06月 1st, 2008 at 1:53 pm
路过,看到了
06月 1st, 2008 at 9:21 pm
Dreamy Says:
05月 31st, 2008 at 3:26 am
喵~~~~~~~~来个饼~~~~~~~
=================================
on @_@
-------------------------------------------
^______________________^
06月 3rd, 2008 at 7:51 pm
没打开图片的时候,我想到的是 ma le ge bi
看到这件衬衫:make love GB(国标)
汗:继馒头国标后又一创新 !